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Authors: Qi Zhang, Jiancan Du, Xiao Han and Yanru Hu.
Plant Diversity (2024)
Highlights • Salinity stress enhances COI1-mediated jasmonate signaling. • JAZ1 physically interacts with ABF3. • ABF3 positively regulate jasmonate signaling under saline condition. • JAZ1 suppresses ABF3-enhanced jasmonate signaling.
Abstract: "Salinity is a severe abiotic stress that affects plant growth and yield. Salinity stress activates jasmonate (JA) signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we confirmed the activation of JA signaling under saline conditions and demonstrated the importance of the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1)-mediated signaling for this process. Phenotypic analyses reflected the negative regulation of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) repressors during salinity stress-enhanced JA signaling. Mechanistic analyses revealed that JAZ proteins physically interact with ABSCISIC ACID-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTOR1 (ABF1), AREB1/ABF2, ABF3, and AREB2/ABF4, which belong to the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family and respond to salinity stress. Analyses on the ABF3 overexpression plants and ABF mutants indicated the positive role of ABF3 in regulating JA signaling under saline condition. Furthermore, ABF3 overexpression partially recovered the JA-related phenotypes of JAZ1-Δ3A plants. Moreover, ABF3 was observed to indirectly activate ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE (AOS) transcription, but this activation was inhibited by JAZ1. In addition, ABF3 competitively bind to JAZ1, thereby decreasing the interaction between JAZ1 and MYC2, which is the master transcription factor controlling JA signaling. Collectively, our findings have clarified the regulatory effects of ABF3 on JA signaling and provide new insights into how JA signaling is enhanced following an exposure to salinity stress."
Authors: Da Zhang, Tan He, Xumin Wang, Chenchen Zhou, Youpeng Chen, Xin Wang, Shixiang Wang, Shuangcheng He, Yuan Guo, Zijin Liu and Mingxun Chen.
Plant Physiology (2024)
One-sentence summary: A MYB-like transcription factor positively modulates seed germination in response to salinity stress by regulating the expression of germination-associated genes.
Abstract: "Seed germination is a critical checkpoint for plant growth under unfavorable environmental conditions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathways play important roles in modulating seed germination. However, the molecular links between salinity stress and ABA/GA signaling are not well understood. Herein, we showed that the expression of DIVARICATA1 (DIV1), which encodes a MYB-like transcription factor, was induced by GA and repressed by ABA, salinity, and osmotic stress in germinating seeds. DIV1 positively regulated seed germination in response to salinity stress by directly regulating the expression of DELAY OF GERMINATION 1-LIKE 3 (DOGL3) and GA-STIMULATED ARABIDOPSIS 4 (GASA4) and indirectly regulating the expression of several germination-associated genes. Moreover, NUCLEAR FACTOR-YC9 (NF-YC9) directly repressed the expression of DIV1 in germinating seeds in response to salinity stress. These results help reveal the function of the NF-YC9–DIV1 module and provide insights into the regulation of ABA and GA signaling in response to salinity stress during seed germination in Arabidopsis."
Authors: Ping Yun, Cengiz Kaya and Sergey Shabala.
The Crop Journal (2024)
Abstract: "Salinity stress is a major environmental stress affecting crop productivity, and its negative impact on global food security is only going to increase, due to current climate trends. Salinity tolerance was present in wild crop relatives but significantly weakened during domestication. Regaining it back requires a good understanding of molecular mechanisms and traits involved in control of plant ionic and ROS homeostasis. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of major plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonate) in plants adaptation to soil salinity. We firstly discuss the role of hormones in controlling root tropisms, root growth and architecture (primary root elongation, meristematic activity, lateral root development, and root hairs formation). Hormone-mediated control of uptake and sequestration of key inorganic ions (sodium, potassium, and calcium) is then discussed followed by regulation of cell redox balance and ROS signaling in salt-stressed roots. Finally, the role of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in control of plant ion and ROS homeostasis and signaling is discussed. This data may help develop novel strategies for breeding and cultivating salt-tolerant crops and improving agricultural productivity in saline regions."
Authors: Yanmei Sun, Bohao Geng, Hongjian Sun, Juan You, Zhenfei Guo and Haifan Shi.
Environmental and Experimental Botany (2024)
Key Message: Overexpression of VsPYL5 led to increased salt and cold tolerance through improved expression of genes involved in Na+ and K+ homeostasis and ROS homeostasis and increased antioxidant defense capacity
Highlights: • Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing VsPYL5 had increased ABA sensitivity and enhanced salt and cold tolerance. • Transgenic lines had lower levels of Na+ but higher levels of K+ under salinity conditions. • Maintenance of ROS were associated with cold and salt tolerance in transgenic lines.
Abstract: "The pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL)/regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) proteins are the core components in ABA signaling pathway. A salt and cold induced ABA receptor gene VsPYL5 from common vetch was identified in the present study. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing VsPYL5 had increased ABA sensitivity and higher levels of seed germination rate, survival rate, and the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) than the wild type (WT) under salinity conditions. Lower levels of the temperature that leads to 50% electrolyte leakage (TEL50) and higher levels of survival rate after freezing treatment were observed in transgenic lines compared with WT. The results indicated that VsPYL5 regulated salt and cold tolerance positively. Lower levels of Na+ and Na+/K+ ratio but higher levels of K+ and AKT1, GORK, KAT1, HKT1 and KUP4 transcripts were observed in transgenic lines compared with WT under salinity conditions. The results indicated that the increased salt tolerance in transgenic lines was associated with the altered Na+ and K+ levels as a result of improved expression of genes involved in Na+ and K+ homeostasis. Antioxidant enzyme activities and their encoding gene transcripts, proline concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased after treatment with salinity or cold, with lower levels in transgenic lines compared with WT. It is suggested that VsPYL5-regulated salt and cold tolerance was associated with the increased proline level and antioxidant defense capacity for maintenance of ROS as a result of improved the relevant gene expression under salinity and cold conditions."
Authors: Peng Zeng, Ting Xie, Jiaxin Shen, Taokai Liang, Lu Yin, Kexin Liu, Ying He, Mingming Chen, Haijuan Tang, Sunlu Chen, Sergey Shabala, Hongsheng Zhang and Jinping Cheng.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology (2024)
Abstract: "Soil salinity has a major impact on rice seed germination, severely limiting rice production. Herein, a rice germination defective mutant under salt stress (gdss) was identified by using chemical mutagenesis. The GDSS gene was detected via MutMap and shown to encode potassium transporter OsHAK9. Phenotypic analysis of complementation and mutant lines demonstrated that OsHAK9 was an essential regulator responsible for seed germination under salt stress. OsHAK9 is highly expressed in germinating seed embryos. Ion contents and non-invasive micro-test technology results showed that OsHAK9 restricted K+ efflux in salt-exposed germinating seeds for the balance of K+/Na+. Disruption of OsHAK9 significantly reduced gibberellin 4 (GA4) levels, and the germination defective phenotype of oshak9a was partly rescued by exogenous GA3 treatment under salt stress. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the disruption of OsHAK9 improved the GA-deactivated gene OsGA2ox7 expression in germinating seeds under salt stress, and the expression of OsGA2ox7 was significantly inhibited by salt stress. Null mutants of OsGA2ox7 created using clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 approach displayed a dramatically increased seed germination ability under salt stress. Overall, our results highlight that OsHAK9 regulates seed germination performance under salt stress involving preventing GA degradation by mediating OsGA2ox7, which provides a novel clue about the relationship between GA and OsHAKs in rice."
Authors: Lulu Zheng, Yongfeng Hu, Tianzhao Yang, Zhen Wang, Daoyuan Wang, Letian Jia, Yuanming Xie, Long Luo, Weicong Qi, Yuanda Lv, Tom Beeckman, Wei Xuan and Yi Han.
Nature Communications (2024)
One-sentence summary: This study reports that the SOMBRERO, a root cap-localized transcription factor, determines root halotropic response to salt stress via spatiotemporally modulating AUX1-dependent auxin redistribution in the root tip.
Abstract: "Plants are capable of altering root growth direction to curtail exposure to a saline environment (termed halotropism). The root cap that surrounds root tip meristematic stem cells plays crucial roles in perceiving and responding to environmental stimuli. However, how the root cap mediates root halotropism remains undetermined. Here, we identified a root cap-localized NAC transcription factor, SOMBRERO (SMB), that is required for root halotropism. Its effect on root halotropism is attributable to the establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution in the lateral root cap (LRC) rather than to the alteration of cellular sodium equilibrium or amyloplast statoliths. Furthermore, SMB is essential for basal expression of the auxin influx carrier gene AUX1 in LRC and for auxin redistribution in a spatiotemporally-regulated manner, thereby leading to directional bending of roots away from higher salinity. Our findings uncover an SMB-AUX1-auxin module linking the role of the root cap to the activation of root halotropism."
Authors: Muhammad Ahsan Altaf, Biswaranjan Behera, Vikas Mangal, Rajesh Kumar Singhal, Ravinder Kumar, Sanket More, Safina Naz, Sayanti Mandal, Abhijit Dey, Muhammad Saqib, Gopi Kishan, Awadhesh Kumar, Brajesh Singh, Rahul Kumar Tiwari and Milan Kumar Lal.
Functional Plant Biology (2024)
Abstract: "Solanaceous crops act as a source of food, nutrition and medicine for humans. Soil salinity is a damaging environmental stress, causing significant reductions in cultivated land area, crop productivity and quality, especially under climate change. Solanaceous crops are extremely vulnerable to salinity stress due to high water requirements during the reproductive stage and the succulent nature of fruits and tubers. Salinity stress impedes morphological and anatomical development, which ultimately affect the production and productivity of the economic part of these crops. The morpho-physiological parameters such as root-to-shoot ratio, leaf area, biomass production, photosynthesis, hormonal balance, leaf water content are disturbed under salinity stress in Solanaceous crops. Moreover, the synthesis and signalling of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, accumulation of compatible solutes, and osmoprotectant are significant under salinity stress which might be responsible for providing tolerance in these crops. The regulation at the molecular level is mediated by different genes, transcription factors, and proteins, which are vital in the tolerance mechanism. The present review aims to redraw the attention of the researchers to explore the mechanistic understanding and potential mitigation strategies against salinity stress in Solanaceous crops, which is an often-neglected commodity."
Authors: Zhuo Li, Huan Chen, Qingjie Guan, Lixin Li and Yuan Hu Xuan.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2024)
Highlights: • GA signaling positively regulates the resistance of rice to saline-alkali. • GA signaling promotes resistance to saline-alkali stress by increasing the uptake of ammonium in rice. • GA expected to play an important role in the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land.
Abstract: "Gibberellic acid (GA) plays important roles in diverse biological processes in plants. However, its function in rice (Oryza sativa) resistance to saline-alkaline (SAK) stress is unclear. This study showed that SAK stimuli changed GA signaling gene expression levels. Genetic analyses using the mutants of key GA signaling regulators, Slender rice 1 (SLR1) and Dwarf 1(D1), demonstrated that SLR1 negatively, while D1 positively regulated the resistance of rice to SAK stress, suggesting that the GA signaling positively regulates the resistance of rice to SAK. Further analyses revealed that SLR1 interacted with and inhibited the transcription activation activity of IDD10 and bZIP23. Furthermore, IDD10 interacted with bZIP23 to activate Ammonium transporter 1;2 (AMT1;2), and slr1, IDD10 OX and bZIP23 OX accumulated more ammonium (NH4+), while idd10 and bzip23 accumulated less NH4+ than the wild-type (WT). In addition, the bzip23 mutant was more sensitive to SAK, while bZIP23 OX was less sensitive compared with the WT, suggesting that bZIP23 positively regulates the resistance of rice to SAK. These findings demonstrate that GA signaling promoted rice's SAK resistance by regulating NH4+ uptake through the SLR1-IDD10-bZIP23 pathway."
Authors: Xu Li, Zhen Wang, Sifan Sun, Zhuoru Dai, Jun Zhang, Wenbin Wang, Kui Peng, Wenhao Geng, Shuanghong Xia, Qingchang Liu, Hong Zhai, Shaopei Gao, Ning Zhao, Feng Tian, Huan Zhang and Shaozhen He.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology (2024)
Abstract: "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) is a crucial staple and bioenergy crop. Its abiotic stress tolerance holds significant importance in fully utilizing marginal lands. Transcriptional processes regulate abiotic stress responses, yet the molecular regulatory mechanisms in sweet potato remain unclear. In this study, a NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factor, IbNAC087, was identified, which is commonly upregulated in salt- and drought-tolerant germplasms. Overexpression of IbNAC087 increased salt and drought tolerance by increasing jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, whereas silencing this gene resulted in opposite phenotypes. JA-rich IbNAC087-OE (overexpression) plants exhibited more stomatal closure than wild-type (WT) and IbNAC087-Ri plants under NaCl, polyethylene glycol, and methyl jasmonate treatments. IbNAC087 functions as a nuclear transcriptional activator and directly activates the expression of the key JA biosynthesis-related genes lipoxygenase (IbLOX) and allene oxide synthase (IbAOS). Moreover, IbNAC087 physically interacted with a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase NAC087-INTERACTING E3 LIGASE (IbNIEL), negatively regulating salt and drought tolerance in sweet potato. IbNIEL ubiquitinated IbNAC087 to promote 26S proteasome degradation, which weakened its activation on IbLOX and IbAOS. The findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying the IbNIEL-IbNAC087 module regulation of JA-dependent salt and drought response in sweet potato and provide candidate genes for improving abiotic stress tolerance in crops."
Authors: Jianwu Li, Shuaibing Yao, Sang-Chul Kim and Xuemin Wang.
Molecular Plant (2024)
Abstract: "Lipid phosphorylation by diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) that produces phosphatidic acid (PA) plays important roles in various biological processes, including stress responses, but the mechanism of action remains elusive. Here we show that DGK5 and its lipid product PA suppress ABA biosynthesis by interacting with ABA DEFICIENT 2 (ABA2), a key ABA biosynthesis enzyme, to negatively modulate plant response to abiotic stress tested in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss of DGK5 function rendered plants less damaged, whereas its overexpression (OE) enhanced plant damage to water and salt stress, compared to wild type (WT). The dgk5 mutant plants exhibited decreased total cellular and nuclear levels of PA with increased levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), whereas DGK5-OE displayed the opposite effect. DGK5 and PA bound to the ABA-synthesizing enzyme ABA DEFICIENT 2 (ABA2) and suppressed its enzymatic activity. The dgk5 mutant plants exhibited increased levels of ABA, while DGK5-OE plants showed reduced ABA levels. In addition, both DGK5 and ABA2 are detected in and outside nuclei, and the loss of DGK5 decreased the nuclear association of ABA2. DGK5 activity and PA promoted ABA2’s nuclear association. Taken together, those results show that DGK5 and PA interact with ABA2 and suppress ABA production by both inhibiting its enzymatic activity and promoting nuclear sequestration of ABA2, revealing a mechanism by which DGK5 and PA regulate plant stress responses."
Authors: Ming-Che James Liu, Fang-Ling Jessica Yeh, Robert Yvon, Kelly Simpson, Samuel Jordan, James Chambers, Hen-Ming Wu and Alice Y. Cheung.
Cell (2024)
Editor's view: In deciphering the global signaling capacity of FERONIA receptor kinase, Liu, Yeh, et al. discovered an extracellular phase separation process driven by FERONIA peptide ligand RALF-cell wall polysaccharide pectin interaction, which leads to cognate and non-cognate receptor clustering and promiscuous endocytosis as a coping mechanism in response to environmental stressors.
Highlights: • Cell surface pectin-RALF1 phase separation recruits FERONIA-LLG1 into condensates • RALF induces FERONIA-LLG1-dependent promiscuous receptor clustering and endocytosis • RALF1-pectin molecular condensates function as surface sensors for stress signals • FERONIA-LLG1-mediated global endocytosis ensures plant resilience under stress
Abstract: "The FERONIA (FER)-LLG1 co-receptor and its peptide ligand RALF regulate myriad processes for plant growth and survival. Focusing on signal-induced cell surface responses, we discovered that intrinsically disordered RALF triggers clustering and endocytosis of its cognate receptors and FER- and LLG1-dependent endocytosis of non-cognate regulators of diverse processes, thus capable of broadly impacting downstream responses. RALF, however, remains extracellular. We demonstrate that RALF binds the cell wall polysaccharide pectin. They phase separate and recruit FER and LLG1 into pectin-RALF-FER-LLG1 condensates to initiate RALF-triggered cell surface responses. We show further that two frequently encountered environmental challenges, elevated salt and temperature, trigger RALF-pectin phase separation, promiscuous receptor clustering and massive endocytosis, and that this process is crucial for recovery from stress-induced growth attenuation. Our results support that RALF-pectin phase separation mediates an exoskeletal mechanism to broadly activate FER-LLG1-dependent cell surface responses to mediate the global role of FER in plant growth and survival."
Authors: Prashanth Tamizhselvan, Sharmila Madhavan, Christian Constan-Aguilar, Eman Ryad Elrefaay, Jie Liu, Aleš Pěnčík, Ondřej Novák, Albert Cairó, Mónika Hrtyan, Markus Geisler and Vanesa Beatriz Tognetti.
Plants (2023)
Abstract: "Photosynthesis is among the first processes negatively affected by environmental cues and its performance directly determines plant cell fitness and ultimately crop yield. Primarily sites of photosynthesis, chloroplasts are unique sites also for the biosynthesis of precursors of the growth regulator auxin and for sensing environmental stress, but their role in intracellular auxin homeostasis, vital for plant growth and survival in changing environments, remains poorly understood. Here, we identified two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B transporters, ABCB28 and ABCB29, which export auxin across the chloroplast envelope to the cytosol in a concerted action in vivo. Moreover, we provide evidence for an auxin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. The overexpression of ABCB28 and ABCB29 influenced stomatal regulation and resulted in significantly improved water use efficiency and survival rates during salt and drought stresses. Our results suggest that chloroplast auxin production and transport contribute to stomata regulation for conserving water upon salt stress. ABCB28 and ABCB29 integrate photosynthesis and auxin signals and as such hold great potential to improve the adaptation potential of crops to environmental cues."
Authors: Ruirui Yang, Hua Fang, Jing Li, Fujin Ye, Dengjing Huang, Xinfang Chen and Weibiao Liao.
Plant Stress (2024)
Highlights • Strigolactones participated in hydrogen sulfide-alleviated salt stress. • Hydrogen sulfide increased endogenous strigolactone content under salt stress. • Hydrogen sulfide enhanced strigolactone-related enzyme activity under salt stress. • Hydrogen sulfide increased strigolactone-related gene expression under salt stress. • Hydrogen sulfide alleviated salt stress by up-regulating SlD27 expression.
Abstract: "Strigolactones (SLs) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have both been shown to play important roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaption. At present, there was no reported on the mechanism by which SLs might participate in H2S-induced salt tolerance. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Micro-Tom’) was used to investigate the role of SLs and H2S and their relationship under salt stress. Our results show that 25 µM H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and 15 µM SLs synthetic analogue GR24 significantly promoted tomato seedling growth under salt stress. TIS108 (3 µM, a SLs synthesis inhibitor) and hypotaurine (HT, 300 µM, a H2S scavenger) inhibited the positive role of NaHS and GR24 under salt stress, respectively. Meanwhile, NaHS treatment significantly increased endogenous SL content, the activity of SL synthesis-related enzymes CCD7 and CCD8, and the expression of SL synthesis-related genes (SlD27, SlD14, SlMAX1, and SlMAX2) under salt stress. Further, after silencing a SL synthesis-related gene SlD27, the relieving role of NaHS in salt stress was basically eliminated. Silencing of SlD27 decreased endogenous SL content, while NaHS did not enhance the endogenous SL content in SlD27-silencing seedling. Therefore, H2S might enhance salt tolerance in tomato seedlings by up-regulating the expression of SL synthesis-related gene SlD27."
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Authors: Baolei Li and Jiaqi Sun.
Plant Physiology (2024)
Excerpt: "The functions of DIVARICATA (DIV) proteins, which belong to the MYB-like TF family, remain elusive (Fang et al., 2018). Six DIV genes have been identified in Arabidopsis based on their structural resemblance to the tomato I-box binding factor SlMYBI (Machemer et al., 2011). Among these, only DIV2 has been characterized as a positive regulator of seed germination in response to ABA and salt stress (Fang et al., 2018). However, the roles of the other DIV genes in the process of seed germination in response to salinity stress remain largely unexplored. In this issue of Plant Physiology, Zhang et al. (2024) provide evidence that DIV1 functions as a crucial integrative regulator that links salinity stress with ABA/GA signaling during seed germination."
"In summary, Zhang et al. (2024) illustrate the significant role of DIV1 as a positive regulator of Arabidopsis seed germination in response to salinity stress. DIV1 exerts a direct influence on ABA/GA signaling by promoting GASA4 expression and suppressing DOGL3 expression. Additionally, it indirectly modulates the expression of a series of germination-associated genes.
Authors: Rui Yan, Tianle Zhang, Yuan Wang, Wenxiu Wang, Rahat Sharif, Jiale Liu, Qinglong Dong, Haoan Luan, Xuemei Zhang, Han Li, Suping Guo, Guohui Qi and Peng Jia.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2024)
Highlights: • Seventeen GA2-oxidase genes identified in apple clustered into four clades. • MdGA2ox7 responded to cold and salt treatments. • MdGA2ox7 was activated during light-induced anthocyanin accumulation. • MdGA2ox7 alleviated cold and salt stress damage. • MdGA2ox7 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Abstract: "Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a widely cultivated fruit crop worldwide but often suffers from abiotic stresses such as salt and cold. Gibberellic acid (GA) plays a pivotal in controlling plant development, environmental adaptability, and secondary metabolism. The GA2-oxidase (GA2ox) is responsible for the deactivation of bioactive GA. In this study, seventeen GA2-oxidase genes were identified in the apple genome, and these members could be clustered into four clades based on phylogenetic relationships and conserved domain structures. MdGA2ox7 exhibited robust expression across various tissues, responded to cold and salt treatments, and was triggered in apple fruit peels via light-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Subcellular localization prediction and experiments confirmed that MdGA2ox7 was located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of MdGA2ox7 in Arabidopsis caused a lower level of active GA and led to GA-deficient phenotypes, such as dwarfism and delayed flowering. MdGA2ox7 alleviated cold and salt stress damage in both Arabidopsis and apple in concert with melatonin (MT). Additionally, MdGA2ox7 enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple calli and activated genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the functions of apple GA2ox in regulating development, stress tolerance, and secondary metabolism."
Authors: Yuqing Zhao, Qing Han and Dawei Zhang.
Plant and Cell Physiology (2024)
Abstract: "Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants need to optimize their growth in order to adapt to ever-changing environments. Plants receive stimuli from the environment and convert them into cellular responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs), as growth-promoting steroid hormones, play a significant role in the tradeoff between growth and environmental responses. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary for understanding the crosstalk between BR and various environmental stresses, including water availability, temperature fluctuations, salinization, nutrient deficiencies and diseases. We also highlight the bottlenecks that need to be addressed in future studies. Ultimately, we suppose to improve plant environmental adaptability and crop yield by excavating natural BR mutants or modifying BR signaling and its targets."
Authors: Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko, Vincent Ninkuu, James Ziemah, Yan Jianpei, Esther Taiwo, Stephen Bright Ninkuu, Noah Sabuli, Adetunde Lawrence Adelani, Abdul-Wahab M. Imoru, Suleiman Fatimoh Ozavize, Queen Adaugo Onyiro, Godfred Dogee, Oluwafemi Michael Adedire, Oluwaseyi Setonji Hunpatin and Nelson Opoku.
Plant Stress (2024)
Highlights: • Ethylene-insensitive3/ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIN3/EILs) proteins in rice exhibit three clads in a Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree. • The gene structures and motif composition of EIN3/EILs genes suggest potential stress-mitigation functions. • OsEIN3/EILs genes are responsive to exogenous abscisic acid and jasmonic acid treatment, highlighting their potential role in growth mediation and abiotic stress tolerance • OsEIN3/EILs genes are highly responsive to drought and salt stresses
Abstract: "The nuclear-localized ethylene-insensitive3/ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIN3/EIL) proteins regulate the ethylene signaling pathway for growth and stress responses. This study presents a genome-wide analysis of nine Oryza sativa EIN3/EIL genes, exhibiting three clads in an ML phylogenetic tree. These proteins are conserved in both exon-intron organization and motif architecture aligned with their phylogenetic clustering. The EIN3/EIL proteins harbor the EIN3, EIN3 superfamily, and RDV-p3 conserved domains. OsEIN3/EIL expression profiling revealed consistently high transcript levels of LOC_Os03g20790 and LOC_Os02g36510 in leaf blades across vegetative and reproductive stages and in the endosperm, indicating a potential role in growth and yield enhancement. Additionally, LOC_Os03g20790, LOC_Os02g36510, LOC_Os07g48630, and LOC_Os09g31400 are highly expressed at later stages of root development, showing potential in nutrient signaling for seed-filling. Moreover, elevated expression of LOC_Os04g38400, LOC_Os09g31400, LOC_Os03g20790, LOC_Os08g39830, and LOC_Os07g48630 were detected under mannitol treatment, while LOC_Os04g38400 and LOC_Os08g39830 were highly upregulated in root and leaf tissues under drought stress exposure. Additionally, EIN3/EIL genes intricately interacted with MPK1, MPK5, and MYC genes, underscoring their potential involvement in growth and stress tolerance. Our findings lay a foundation for improved rice growth and yield enhancement."
Authors: Chunyu Shang, Xiaoyan Liu, Guo Chen, Guobin Li, Songshen Hu, Hao Zheng, Lei Ge, Yanghao Long, Qiaomei Wang and Xiaohui Hu.
The Plant Journal (2024)
Significance Statement: In brief, in the presence of saline-alkali stress, the concentration of tomato JA is increased, acting as a signaling molecule to induce the expression of SlWRKY81 while repressing the expression of SlJAZ1. At the protein level, SlJAZ1 interacts with SlWRKY81, and the suppression of SlJAZ1 expression results in the release of additional SlWRKY81. Simultaneously, SlWRKY81 actively regulates the downstream genes SlSPDS2 and SlNHX4, promoting the synthesis of Spd and the maintenance of Na+/K+ homeostasis, thereby displaying a favorable response to saline-alkali stress. Saline-alkali stress increased JA content in tomato, which promoted the expression of SlWRKY80 and increased the regulation of downstream SlSPDS2 and SlNHX4. On the one hand, an increase in JA content inhibits the expression of SlJAZ1 (the interaction between SlJAZ1 protein and SlWRKY80 protein), releases more SlWRKY80 protein, strengthens the regulation of downstream SlSPDS2 and SlNHX4, synthesizes Spd and promotes ion balance, thereby positively regulating saline-alkali stress.
Abstract: "Saline-alkali stress is an important abiotic stress factor affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant growth. Although the involvement of the tomato SlWRKY gene family in responses to saline-alkali stress has been well established, the mechanism underlying resistance to saline-alkali stress remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of SlWRKY81 in conferring saline-alkali stress resistance by using overexpression and knockout tomato seedlings obtained via genetic modification. We demonstrated that SlWRKY81 improves the ability of tomato to withstand saline-alkali stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity, root activity, and proline content while reducing malondialdehyde levels. Saline-alkali stress induces an increase in jasmonic acid (JA) content in tomato seedlings, and the SlWRKY81 promoter responds to JA signaling, leading to an increase in SlWRKY81 expression. Furthermore, the interaction between SlJAZ1 and SlWRKY81 represses the expression of SlWRKY81. SlWRKY81 binds to W-box motifs in the promoter regions of SlSPDS2 and SlNHX4, thereby positively regulating their expression. This regulation results in increased spermidine (Spd) content and enhanced potassium (K+) absorption and sodium (Na+) efflux, which contribute to the resistance of tomato to saline-alkali stress. However, JA and SlJAZ1 exhibit antagonistic effects. Elevated JA content reduces the inhibitory effect of SlJAZ1 on SlWRKY81, leading to the release of additional SlWRKY81 protein and further augmenting the resistance of tomato to saline-alkali stress. In summary, the modulation of Spd synthesis and Na+/K+ homeostasis mediated by the interaction between SlWRKY81 and SlJAZ1 represents a novel pathway underlying tomato response to saline-alkali stress."
Authors: Xing Li, Changjiang Li, Lei Shi, Gaofeng Lv, Xi Li, Yixuan Liu, Xiaojie Jia, Jiyuan Liu, Yuqian Chen, Lei Zhu and Ying Fu.
Cell Reports (2024)
Editor's view: Li et al. report that the heterotrimeric NF-YA1- YB2-YC9 complex positively regulates salt-responsive genes. High salinity elevates JA signaling to degrade JAZ8, thereby releasing the NF-YA1-YB2- YC9 transcription factor complex from the inhibitory effect of JAZ8. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of JA signaling in plant responses to high salinity.
Highlights: • High salinity triggers the 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of JAZ8 in Arabidopsis • Arabidopsis heterotrimeric NF-YA1-YB2-YC9 complex positively regulates plant salt tolerance • JAZ8 represses the assembly and transcriptional activity of the NF-YA1-YB2-YC9 complex • JA enhances plant tolerance to high salinity via COI1-mediated degradation of JAZ8
Abstract: "Jasmonate (JA) is a well-known phytohormone essential for plant response to biotic stress. Recently, a crucial role of JA signaling in salt resistance has been highlighted; however, the specific regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) subunits NF-YA1, NF-YB2, and NF-YC9 form a trimeric complex that positively regulates the expression of salinity-responsive genes, whereas JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN protein 8 (JAZ8) directly interacts with three subunits and acts as the key repressor to suppress both the assembly of the NF-YA1-YB2-YC9 trimeric complex and the transcriptional activation activity of the complex. When plants encounter high salinity, JA levels are elevated and perceived by the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE (COI) 1 receptor, leading to the degradation of JAZ8 via the 26S proteasome pathway, thereby releasing the activity of the NF-YA1-YB2-YC9 complex, initiating the activation of salinity-responsive genes, such as MYB75, and thus enhancing the salinity tolerance of plants."
Authors: Jinyan Wang, Yang Li, Mingyue Li, Wenting Zhang, Yaping Lu, Kai Hua, Xitie Ling, Tianzi Chen, Dongshu Guo, Yuwen Yang, Zhongbing Zheng, Qing Liu and Baolong Zhang.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2024)
Abstract: "Salt stress significantly impedes plant growth and the crop yield. This study utilized de novo transcriptome assembly and ribosome profiling to explore mRNA translation’s role in rice salt tolerance. We identified unrecognized translated open reading frames (ORFs), including 42 upstream transcripts and 86 unannotated transcripts. A noteworthy discovery was the role of a small ORF, Ospep5, in conferring salt tolerance. Overexpression of Ospep5 in plants increased salt tolerance, while its absence led to heightened sensitivity. This hypothesis was corroborated by the findings that exogenous application of the synthetic small peptide Ospep5 bolstered salt tolerance in both rice and Arabidopsis. We found that the mechanism underpinning the Ospep5-mediated salt tolerance involves the maintenance of intracellular Na+/K+ homeostasis, facilitated by upregulation of high-affinity potassium transporters (HKT) and Na+/H+ exchangers (SOS1). Furthermore, a comprehensive multiomics approach, particularly ribosome profiling, is instrumental in uncovering unannotated ORFs and elucidating their functions in plant stress responses."
Authors: Tong Liang, Shi Yu, Yuanzhong Pan, Jiarui Wang and Steve A. Kay.
PNAS (2024)
Significance: Climate change poses a global threat to plants and humans. Understanding how plants respond to abiotic stresses is crucial for addressing this challenge. Here, we reveal the important role of the circadian clock in regulating abiotic stress responses through the reciprocal regulation between CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS-BINDING FACTOR3 (ABF3). We demonstrate how the circadian clock influences ABF3 expression, which in turn delivers stress signals to core clock genes and adjusts the circadian period in response to stress. These findings offer valuable insights for developing genetic and molecular approaches to enhance plant resilience in the face of climate change.
Abstract: "Climate change is a global concern for all life on our planet, including humans and plants. Plants’ growth and development are significantly affected by abiotic stresses, including adverse temperature, inadequate or excess water availability, nutrient deficiency, and salinity. The circadian clock is a master regulator of numerous developmental and metabolic processes in plants. In an effort to identify new clock-related genes and outputs through bioinformatic analysis, we have revealed that CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) play a crucial role in regulating a wide range of abiotic stress responses and target ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS-BINDING FACTOR3 (ABF3), a key transcription factor in the plant hormone Abscisic acid (ABA)-signaling pathway. Specifically, we found that CCA1 and LHY regulate the expression of ABF3 under diel conditions, as well as seed germination under salinity. Conversely, ABF3 controls the expression of core clock genes and orchestrates the circadian period in a stress-responsive manner. ABF3 delivers the stress signal to the central oscillator by binding to the promoter of CCA1 and LHY. Overall, our study uncovers the reciprocal regulation between ABF3 and CCA1/LHY and molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the circadian clock and abiotic stress. This finding may aid in developing molecular and genetic solutions for plants to survive and thrive in the face of climate change."
Authors: Rongqing Miao, Zhiqi Li, Yue Yuan, Xiufeng Yan, Qiuying Pang and Aiqin Zhang.
Plant Cell Reports (2024)
Key message: The study on melatonin biosynthesis mutant snat1snat2 revealed that endogenous melatonin plays an important role in salt responsiveness by mediating auxin signaling.
Abstract: "Melatonin is a pleiotropic signaling molecule, which, besides being involved in multiple growth and developmental processes, also mediates environmental stress responses. However, whether and how endogenous melatonin is involved in salt response has not been determined. In this study, we elucidated the involvement of endogenous melatonin in salt response by investigating the impact of salt stress on a double mutant of Arabidopsis (snat1snat2) defective in melatonin biosynthesis genes SNAT1 and SNAT2. This mutant was found to exhibit salt sensitivity, manifested by unhealthy growth, ion imbalance and ROS accumulation under salt stress. Transcriptomic profiles of snat1snat2 revealed that the expression of a large number of salt-responsive genes was affected by SNAT defect, and these genes were closely related to the synthesis of auxin and several signaling pathways. In addition, the salt-sensitive growth phenotype of snat1snat2 was alleviated by the application of exogenous auxin. Our results show that endogenous melatonin may be essential for plant salt tolerance, a function that could be correlated with diverse activity in mediating auxin signaling."
Authors: Takuya Furumoto, Shohei Yamaoka, Takayuki Kohchi, Hiroyasu Motose and Taku Takahashi.
Plant and Cell Physiology (2024)
Abstract: "Thermospermine suppresses auxin-inducible xylem differentiation, whereas its structural isomer, spermine, is involved in stress responses in angiosperms. The thermospermine synthase, ACAULIS5 (ACL5), is conserved from algae to land plants, but its physiological functions remain elusive in non-vascular plants. Here, we focused on MpACL5, a gene in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, that rescued the dwarf phenotype of the acl5 mutant in Arabidopsis. In the Mpacl5 mutants generated by genome editing, severe growth retardation was observed in the vegetative organ, thallus, and the sexual reproductive organ, gametangiophore. The mutant gametangiophores exhibited remarkable morphological defects such as short stalks, fasciation, and indeterminate growth. Two gametangiophores fused together and new gametangiophores were often initiated from the old ones. Furthermore, Mpacl5 showed altered responses to heat and salt stresses. Given the absence of spermine in bryophytes, these results suggest that thermospermine has a dual primordial function in organ development and stress responses in M. polymorpha. The stress response function may have eventually been assigned to spermine during land plant evolution."
Authors: Jasper Lamers, Yanxia Zhang, Eva van Zelm, A. Jessica Meyer, Thijs de Zeeuw, Francel Verstappen, Mark Veen, Ayodeji O. Deolu-Ajayi, Charlotte M.M. Gommers and Christa Testerink.
bioRxiv (2023)
Abstract: "Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), as anticipated. Notably, a specific cluster of genes responded uniquely to sodium (Na+) ions. Surprisingly, expression of sodium-induced genes exhibited a negative correlation with the ABA response and preceded the activation of genes induced by the osmotic stress component of salt. Elevated exogenous ABA levels resulted in the complete abolition of sodium-induced responses. Consistently, ABA signalling mutants displayed prolonged sodium-induced gene expression, coupled with increased root cell damage under high salinity conditions. Moreover, ABA signalling mutants were unable to redirect root growth to avoid high sodium concentrations and failed to contain their root cell swelling in the presence of elevated salt levels. In summary, our findings unveil an unexpected and pivotal role for ABA signaling in mitigating cellular damage induced by salinity stress and modulating sodium-specific responses in plant roots."
Authors: Cui Chen, Zhen Zhang, Ying-Ying Lei, Wen-Jun Chen, Zhi-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Ming Li and Hong-Yan Dai.
The Plant Journal (2024)
Abstract: "Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in salt and drought stress responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the overexpression of MdMYB44-like, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, significantly increases the salt and drought tolerance of transgenic apples and Arabidopsis. MdMYB44-like inhibits the transcription of MdPP2CA, which encodes a type 2C protein phosphatase that acts as a negative regulator in the ABA response, thereby enhancing ABA signaling-mediated salt and drought tolerance. Furthermore, we found that MdMYB44-like and MdPYL8, an ABA receptor, form a protein complex that further enhances the transcriptional inhibition of the MdPP2CA promoter by MdMYB44-like. Significantly, we discovered that MdPP2CA can interfere with the physical association between MdMYB44-like and MdPYL8 in the presence of ABA, partially blocking the inhibitory effect of the MdMYB44-like–MdPYL8 complex on the MdPP2CA promoter. Thus, MdMYB44-like, MdPYL8, and MdPP2CA form a regulatory loop that tightly modulates ABA signaling homeostasis under salt and drought stress. Our data reveal that MdMYB44-like precisely modulates ABA-mediated salt and drought tolerance in apples through the MdPYL8–MdPP2CA module."
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